Civilengineering外文翻译.docVIP

Civil engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,[4] and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.[5] It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, geophysics, geodesy, control engineering, structural engineering, earthquake engineering, transportation engineering, earth science, atmospheric sciences, forensic engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, offshore engineering, aerospace engineering, quantity surveying, coastal engineering,[4] surveying, and construction engineering.[6] Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Contents 1 History of the civil engineering profession 2 History of civil engineering 3 The civil engineer 3.1 Education and licensure 4 Sub-disciplines 4.1 Materials science and engineering 4.2 Coastal engineering 4.3 Construction engineering 4.4 Earthquake engineering 4.5 Environmental engineering 4.6 Geotechnical engineering 4.7 Water resources engineering 4.8 Structural engineering 4.9 Surveying 4.10 Transportation engineering 4.11 Forensic engineering 4.12 Municipal or urban engineering 4.13 Control engineering 5 Civil engineering associations 6 See also 7 References History of the civil engineering profession Leonhard Euler developed the theory explaining the buckling of columns Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have c