英语如何进行发音英文版.pptVIP

Phonetics LING 200 Spring 2002 What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs Articulatory phonetics Description of speech sounds Vocal tract structures relevant for speech Transcription of speech sounds Sound inventories Vocal tract anatomy Major structures Phonetic description Consonants: e.g. Laryngeal setting voiceless Place of articulation bilabial Degree of occlusion/manner stop Phonetic transcription Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p] Different systems of phonetic transcription ‘Americanist’ International Phonetic Association Value of phonetic transcription A universal framework for the description of languages 1 symbol – 1 sound Many languages lack writing systems Superior to many writing systems Preparing a transcription What are the sounds of the language? How can they be represented? Phonetic transcription ‘driftwood’ ‘cane’ ‘footwear’ ‘grease’ ‘straight up’ ‘your collarbone’ Phonetic transcription [t?z] ‘driftwood’ [th?z] ‘cane’ [qhE] ‘footwear’ [XE] ‘grease’ [nt?q] ‘straight up’ [nt’?q] ‘your collarbone’ Vocal tract anatomy Major lower articulators Major structures of the tongue Description of speech sounds Place of articulation Degree of occlusion (‘manner’) Oral or nasal Laryngeal setting Degree of occlusion How close are lower and upper articulator? Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels Defines classes of sounds Vowels vs. consonants: [a] vs. [d] Subclasses of vowels: [a] vs. [i] Subclasses of consonants: [d] vs. [z] Place of articulation: consonants Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation Witsuwit’en [qis] ‘king salmon’ vs. English geese [gis] English consonant place of articulation Place of articulation Degre