Chapter 16 The Heat Capacity of a Solid.ppt

Chapter 16: The Heat Capacity of a Solid The principle difference between Einstein’s description and Debye’s model There is no restriction on the number of phonons per energy level, therefore phonons are bosons! Example I: (problem 16.1) The partition function of an Einstein solid is where θE is the Einstein temperature. Treat the crystalline lattice as an assembly of 3N distinguishable oscillators. Calculate the Helmholtz function F. Calculate entropy S. Show that the entropy approaches zero as the temperature goes to absolute zero. Show that at high temperatures, S ≈ 3Nk[1 + ln(T/ θE )]. Sketch S/3Nk as a function of T/ θE . 16.1 Introduction It is important in the study of condensed matter This is another example that classical kinetic theory cannot provide answers that agree with experimental observations. Dulong and Petit observed in 1819 that the specific heat capacity at constant volume of all elementary solids is approximately 2.49*104 J .kilomole-1 K-1 i.e. 3R. Dulong and Petit’s result can be explained by the principle of equipartition of energy via treating every atom of the solid as a linear oscillator with six degrees of freedom. 5. Extensive studies show that the specific heat capacity of solid varies with temperature, becomes zero as the temperature approaches zero. 6. Specific heat capacities of certain substances such as boron, carbon and silicon are found to be much smaller than 3R at room temperature. 7. The discrepancy between experimental results and theoretical prediction leads to the development of new theory. 16.2 Einstein’s Theory of The Heat Capacity of a Solid The crystal lattice structure of a solid comprising N atoms can be treated as an assembly of 3N distinguishable one-dimensional oscillators! The assumption is based on that each atom is free to move in three dimensions! From chapter 15: the internal energy for N linear oscillators is U= Nkθ(1/2 + 1/(eθ/T -1)) with θ = hv/k The internal energy of a solid