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心理卫生学Chapter3.pdf
Chapter 3
Stress and Its Effects
The Nature of Stress
• Stress is “any circumstances that threaten or
are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and
thereby tax one’s coping abilities”.
• Stress has several characteristics.
1. Stress is a common, everyday event.
• Both major and minor problems can be
stressful.
• Even daily “hassles” can have negative
effects on our well-being.
• Stressful events have a cumulative
impact.
The Nature of Stress, continued
2. Stress is subjective. Not everyone feels the
same degree of stress from the same event.
• The difference may depend on how we
appraise events (see Figure 3.2).
• We first make a primary appraisal , or initial
evaluation of the relevance, level of threat,
and degree of stress the event brings.
• If viewed as stressful, we make a secondary
appraisal, or an evaluation of our ability to
cope.
Figure 3.2 Primary and secondary appraisal of stress. Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of
whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you, (2) relevant, but not threatening, or (3) stressful. When you view
an event as stressful, you are likely to make a secondary appraisal, which is an evaluation of your coping
resources and options for dealing with the stress. (Based on Lazarus Folkman, 1994)
The Nature of Stress, continued
3. Ambient stress – refers to chronic negative
conditions embedded in the environment.
• Certain types have been associated with
elevated stress hormones (see Figure
3.3).
4. Stress is influenced by culture.
• Culture affects which types of stress we
experience.
• Cultural change is a major source of stress
in most cultures.
Figure 3.3 Excessive noise and stress hormones. Evans, Hygge, and Bullinger (1995)
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