词汇学第8章复习.docVIP

Chapter 8, Meaning and Context The relationship between context and meaning How context affects the meaning of words? 8.1 Types of Context: Linguistic context vs. extra-linguistic/ non-linguistic context In a narrow sense: linguistic context Context is refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. In a broader sense: extra-linguistic/ non-linguistic context which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. 8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context 非语言语境 It includes the physical situation, and may extend to embrace the entire cultural background. Hardly aware of but often exert great influence e.g QUICK, LOOK OUT Trade Union, Landlord, Weekend 8.1.2 Linguistic Context 语言语境 Two types: Lexical context vs. Grammatical context 1) Lexical context: refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring words. e.g. PAPER, DO p152 2) Grammatical context: in some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. e.g. BECOME p153 Sometimes the immediate verbal context either lexical or grammatical may not suffice for interpreting meanings of a word. e.g. Janet! Donkey! THE 8.2 The role of Context语境的作用 8.2.1 Elimination of ambiguity 消除歧义 1) Causes of ambiguity ：ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. (a) polysemy + inadequate context→ ambiguity e.g. He is a HARD businessman. Hardworking/ difficult John RAN the egg and spoon race. Participated/ organized (b) Homonymy + inadequate context→ ambiguity They saw her DUCK. Poultry / dodge The BALL was attractive. Round object/ dancing party (c) Grammatical structure → ambiguity. e.g. The fish is ready to eat. I like Mary better than Jean. ** 思考： 如何修改能避免歧义？p155-156 8.2.2 Indication of referents 限定所指 Deixis : person place time ,etc Without context, th