EL 675 UHF Propagation for ModernWireless Systems.ppt

2003 ? 2003 by H.L. Bertoni EL 675 UHF Propagation for ModernWireless Systems Henry L. Bertoni Polytechnic University EM Effects That Need to Be Considered Propagation of waves through space Reflection, transmission and diffraction Mechanisms by which fields get to locations not visible to the transmitter Radiation and reception by antennas Ray description of radiation * Context for Discussing Wireless Channel Characteristics Frequencies above ~ 300 MHz (l 1 m) Radio links in man-made environments At least one end is among the buildings Link lengths Macrocells (20 km R 1 km) Microcells (2 km R 100 m) Picocells/indoor (R 100 m) Presence of many objects with sizes from 10 cm to 100 m Wave interactions described by scattering and shadowing, rather than resonances Need to Bridge Electromagnetics (EM) and Communications (Com) Electromagnetics Deals with deterministic physical environment - seek precise solution Field quantities are prediction output Communications Deals with random processes - seek statistical solutions Required inputs that are statistical measures of received signal properties Must phrase the electromagnetic solutions in ways that can be used by communication community Understand and predict channel characteristics Complimentary View Points Electromagnetic view point Objects cause a rich set of ray paths connecting transmitter and receiver (multipath) Communications view point Received signal is the sum of delayed versions of the transmitted signal (multipath) Interpreting the ray description of electromagnetic fields provides the channel characteristics EM propagation governs the channel characteristics, but signal processing governs what is observed Interpret ray results to predict observed statistics Communication Systems Drive Descriptions of the Radio Channel How to characterize channel depends on the radio system and link geometry All require knowledge of the power level Different measures of multipath interference Narrowband -