helen Chapter2 sound.pptVIP

Main points of this chapter: Phonetics: Definition and its three major research fields; Speech organs: location, characteristics, and function; Consonants and vowels: definition, classification and description; IPA: broad and narrow transcriptions; description of cardinal vowels; Phonology: Definition; Comparison and contrast with phonetics; Definitions of phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pair and free variation; Phonemic contrast and complementary distribution; Suprasegmental features: syllable, stress, tone; Application: Can write out the IPA of the given word; Can use narrow transcription to describe the actual pronunciation of words; Can describe the distinctive features of phone and phoneme, or vice versa; Can divide a word into syllables, and find out the phonological rules. Human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds , but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. They are called speech sounds. As we have discussed, the “vocal” nature takes priority. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics. In this chapter, we will look at ways of studying speech sounds and the patterns they are used. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学is the study of the production of speech sounds speaker’s point of view . Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学is concerned with the perception of speech sounds hearer’s point of view . Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds physical nature of sound waves . 语音学与音系学 语音的发音–传递– 感知 production – transmission – perception 三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理-物理-心理三个方面的属性，由发音语音学-声学语音学-听觉语音学三门学科加以研究。 生理、物理、心理的研究可以说是语音的自然属性的研究。语音还有社会的属性，这就是它在作为交际工具的语言中的作用。各种语言使用哪些材料，如何使用，有自己的规则，这是音位学所要研究的方面。音位学识在了解语音的物理、生理性的基础上从语言的社会功能的角度对语音的研究。 （叶蜚声：47） Phonology phonetics They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of