_摄影教学：计算摄影学_Computational Photography.ppt

Na?ve, Ideal Film-like Photography Well-Lit 3D Scene: Rays and the ‘Thin Lens Law’ Focal length f: where parallel rays converge Focus at infinity: Adjust for S2=f Closer Focus ? Larger S2 Rays and the ‘Thin Lens Law’ Focal length f: where parallel rays converge Focus at infinity: Adjust for S2=f Closer Focus ? Larger S2 Not One Ray, but a Bundle of Rays Basic Ray Optics: Lens Aperture For the same focal length: Larger lens Gathers a wider ray bundle: More light: brighter image Narrower depth-of-focus Smaller lens dimmer image focus becomes less critical more depth of focus Film-like Optics: Thin Lens Flaws Aberrations:  Real lenses don’t converge rays perfectly Spherical: edge rays ? center rays Coma: diagonal rays focus deeper at edge Lens Flaws: Chromatic Aberration Dispersion: wavelength-dependent refractive index (enables prism to spread white light beam into rainbow) Modifies ray-bending and lens focal length: f(?) color fringes near edges of image Corrections: add ‘doublet’ lens of flint glass, etc. Chromatic Aberration Lens Design Fix: Multi-element lenses Complex, expensive, many tradeoffs! Computed Fix: Geometric warp for R,G,B. Radial Distortion (e.g. ‘Barrel’ and ‘pin-cushion’) straight lines curve around the image center  Vignette Effects Bright at center, dark at edges.Several causes compounded: Edge pixels span smaller angle and center pixels Ray path length is longer off-axis Internal shadowing Compensation: Use anti-vignetting filters, (darkest at center) OR Position-dependent pixel-detector sensitivity. Film-like Color Sensing Film-like Color Sensing Color Sensing 3-chip: vs. 1-chip: quality vs. cost 1-Chip Color Sensing: Bayer Grid Estimate RGBat ‘G’ cels from neighboring values Polarization RAYS and PROCESSING ONE Ray carries doubly infinitesimal power: Ray bundles with finite, measurable power will: Span a non-zero area Fill a non-zero solid angle Everything is Linear: (HUGE win!) Ray reflectance, transmission, ab