Unit 2 classification_of_material英文资料.docVIP

Unit2 Classification of Materials材料的分类 Basic Classifications and Engineering Materials基本分类、工程材料 Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications： metals，ceramics and polymers．固体材料便利的被分为三个基本类型:金属、陶瓷和聚合物.This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another， although there are some intermediates. 这个方案,是主要基于化学结构和原子的结构,和大多数材料属于一个或另一个截然不同的分组,虽然有一些中间体。In addition，there are three other groups of important engineering materials------composites， semiconductor， and biomaterials．除此之外,还有其他三组重要的工程材料- - - - - - -复合材料、半导体、生物材料等。 Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials， whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics；biomaterials are implanted into the human body． brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next．复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。 Metals： Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements． They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons；that is，these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons．金属材料通常由金属元素组成。它们有大量无规则运动的电子。也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。 Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat，and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance． Furthermore， metals are quite strong，yet deformable， which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications．金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。 Ceramics： Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements： they are most frequently oxides, nitrides，and carbides．The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals， cement， and glass.