病因和因果推断.pptVIP

病例对照研究（case-control study） 队列研究（cohort study） 病因假设的检验和验证 （test and certification of hypothesis） 二、病因推断中暴露因素与疾病关联的解释Association between exposure and disease in causal inference 统计学关联 （statistics association） 虚假关联 （spurious association） 间接关联 （indirectassociation） Interpreting Associations- Causal and Non-Causal Causal Non-Causal (due to confounding) Characteristic Under Study Characteristic Under Study Disease Factor X Disease Interpreting Associations- Causal and Non-Causal Causal Non-Causal (due to confounding) Coffee Consumption Coffee Consumption Pancreatic Cancer Smoking Pancre