细胞生物学 Cell Division and Cell Cycle-2014-10-2.ppt

第十三章 细胞分裂与细胞周期 Amy YM Xu (许彦鸣) Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsShantou University Medical CollegeShantou, CHINAE-mail: amyymxu@stu.edu.cn 学习目的与要求 掌握细胞分裂的定义及主要方式。 掌握有丝分裂的过程及各期特点。 掌握第一次减数分裂各阶段的特征。 掌握细胞周期、细胞周期蛋白、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶的概念。 掌握细胞周期蛋白与细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶的复合物对细胞周期的调控作用。 了解细胞周期异常与疾病的关系。 Regulation of Cell Cycle Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression into the next phase. Multiple checkpoints have been identified. It is located at the end of the cell cycles G1 phase, just before entry into S phase It makes the decision of whether the cell should divide, delay division, or enter a resting stage. Many cells stop at this stage and enter a resting state called G0. G1 Checkpoint (Restriction Point) Most human cells are and must cease division exit the cell cycle and enter G0. Cells that continually divide in the adult human include hematopoietic stem cells and gut epithelial cells. The re-entrant into the cell cycle is possible only by overcoming the RP. Growth factor-induced expression of cyclin D proteins are able to overcome the G0 barrier and enter the cell cycle. G2 Checkpoint located at the end of G2 phase triggering the start of the M phase (mitotic phase) A number of factors, such as DNA damage via radiation, has to be checked to ensure the cell is ready for mitosis. The CDKs associated with this checkpoint are activated by phosphorylation of the CDK by the action of a Maturation promoting factor (Mitosis Promoting Factor, MPF). Metaphase Checkpoint mitotic spindle checkpoint all the chromosomes should/have aligned at the mitotic plate and be under bipolar tension 细胞周期蛋白（cyclin） Discovered in 1982 while  studying the cell cycle of sea  urchins by R. Timothy Hunt. CDKs are a family of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the ce