Lecture5KnightsandKnaves.docVIP

Lecture 5 Knights and Knaves. Show hand in form. Show plagiarism form. Any problems with coursework? Google knight and knaves and look at picture. Do you want problem sheets this afternoon or to work on coursework. Deadline is now Monday ( The island of Knights and Knaves. The island of Knights and Knaves is a fictional island to test peoples’ ability to reason logically. There are two types of people on the island. Knights who always tell the truth Knaves who always lie. Logic puzzles are about deducing facts about the island, from statements made by the people on the island. But of course, you do not know whether the statement was made by a knight or a knave. I am a knight, I am a knave!!!!! Some examples What happens if you ask a person if they are a knight or a knave? There may be gold on the island. What question could you ask to establish this? A native says “there is gold on this island, is the same as, I am a knight”. What question would you ask a pair of natives to discover if the other one is a knight? A tourist comes to a fork in a road, one way leads to a restaurant, the other does not. What question (yes/no) would you ask a native to find out which way it is to the restaurant? Algebra At school we learnt to manipulate expressions. The values of expressions are numbers n^2 –m^2 = (n + m)(n - m) To do this we use laws. e.g. n + 0 = n and n –n = 0 (for ANY values of n) Associatively of addition (m + n) +p = m + (n + p) I am sure you are all familiar with laws regarding addition, multiplication. Boolean algebra Boolean expressions are either true or false. Boolean valued expressions are called propositions. “it is sunny” is an atomic Boolean expression. “it is sunny and warm” is non atomic as it can be broken down into two expressions. We are concerned with the rules for manipulating Boolean expressions. Knights and knaves. “A” is a native on the island. And is therefore either a knight or a knave. The statement “A is a knight” is either t