Ceramics.docVIP

Chapter 13: Ceramics and Properties of Ceramics Root: keramikos (Greek): “burnt stuff”. Traditional Ceramics: china, porcelain, bricks, tiles, glasses and high temp. ceramics New generation ceramics: (Since better understanding of the fundamental character of ceramics, and parameters influencing their unique properties) Impact: electronic, computer, communication, aerospace and other industries. CERAMIC STRUCTURES: composed of electrically charged ions; not atoms. Partial or total ionic bonding. Cations: metallic ions, positively charged, since they have given up valence electrons to non-metallic ions. Anions: non-metallic ions, negatively charged CRYSTAL STRUCTURES: Influenced by two characteristics: Magnitude of the electrical charge on each of the component ions. The crystal must be electrically neutral. ie., balancing of positive and negative charges. Relative sizes of Cations and Anions. Ionic radii: rccation and raanion Since they give up electrons, Cations are usually smaller than Anions. : rc/ra 1 Each ion desires to have as many nearest neighbours of the opposite charge. Stable when anions are touching a cation. Coordination No: number of anion nearest neighbours of a cation. P. 378-379 Table 13.1: Table 13.2 Ionic radii listed Problem 13.1 Show that the minimum cation to anion radius ratio for the coordination number 3 is 0.155. AP=rA AO= rA + rC cos (30o)=AP/AO= = Types of Structures AX-Type Crystal Structure Equal number of cations and anions Several different crystal structures for AX compounds AX-Rock Salt Structure: NaCl/Rock salt Coordination number for anions and cations: 6 cation/anion ratio: 0.414-0.732 FCC arrangement of anions Two interpenetrating FCC lattices FCC arrangement of cations Eg. NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF and FeO AX - Cesium Chloride Structure: CsCl Coordination number for both ions: 8 Anions at centres of cube Cation at body (cube-centre) AX – Zinc Blende Structure: ZnS/sphale