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26th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES
MULTI-OBJECTIVE AIRCRAFT OPTIMIZATION FOR MINIMUM
COST AND EMISSIONS OVER SPECIFIC ROUTE NETWORKS
Geoffrey C. Bower, Ilan M. Kroo
Stanford University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Keywords: Multi-Objective Optimization, Aircraft Design, Environmental Impact
Abstract design community as well as with policy mak-
ers around the world [1, 2, 3]. As of 1992, avia-
Historically, maximizing profits for corporate tion accounted for roughly 2% of the total global
shareholders has been the primary goal for air- anthropogenic carbon emissions and 3.5% of the
craft designers. Due to climate change concerns, total anthropogenic radiative forcing. As air traf-
environmental performance is quickly becoming fic is expected to grow at approximately 5% per
a major design focus. A methodology to design year for the foreseeable future, these fractions are
one or more aircraft to satisfy demand on a given projected to increase to about 3% and 5%, respec-
route network is described. The objectives are to tively, of the global totals by 2050 [4]. Quantify-
minimize direct operating costs, CO2 emissions ing the environmental impact of an aircraft de-
and NOX emissions. A hierarchical decomposi- sign is difficult due to difficulties in modeling the
tion is used with discipline-specific optimization temporal and spatial distribution of emissions,
algorithms. A modified version of the NSGA-II the complex chemical interactions, and uncer-
multi-objective genetic algorithm is implemented tainties in global atmospheric simulations [5, 6].
in the system level ai
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