吕坤气学思想研.pdfVIP

摘 要 明中晚期，随着社会矛盾的日益恶化，程朱理学已然衰颓，陆王心学日趋没落，与 之相反，气学和以此为理论基础的实学思潮却呈勃兴之势。吕坤的气学思想正是产生于 这种历史背景之下，其气学思想的出现，既有程朱遗传的胎记，也深受当时气学之影响， 有熔铸诸子的治学致思之倾向。 吕坤之气学思想主要体现为理气统一论，其理气统一论主要由三个层次的内容构 成：其一，在宇宙观上，吕坤主张以气为本，天地万物，一气所成，认为宇宙及其万有 众象的发生是氤氲元气之一体气化流行，而成此生生不息之大千世界；其二，在理气关 系上，发展朱熹之理气论，继承当时气论学家之理气合一论，主张理是气之条理、属性 和规律，理依于气，理在气中，理气相即而不分离；其三，在人性论上，与理气论一脉 相承，吕坤贯通天道性命，认为性生于气，理气构成义理之性与气质之性，但二性合一， 有善有恶，唯有变化气质，方能完复人之善性。然后，吕坤在其气论的基础上，本着经 世致用的宗旨，强调“内圣”与“外王”的统一，“明体全为适用”，表明其“外王”型 的实学思想特征。 就其表面而言，吕坤的气学思想出入于程朱理学和气学之间，欲“学以自得为宗”， 但他却既未走出程朱理学之窠臼，又并未完全接受当时气论思想，从而表现出一种折中 调和的趋向。也正由于此，吕坤的气学思想由于其博综百家而显得有些博杂混乱，前后 矛盾，难圆其说，这就是造成其理论缺陷之原因之所在，也是其气学思想在中国古典气 论史上的历史地位并不突出之原因。 关键词：吕坤；气；理；性；经世致用 I Abstract In the mid and late stage of the Ming Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism of Cheng ﹠Zhu had declined and Xin’s philosophy of Lu ﹠Wang was waning step by step with the deteriorating condition increasingly of social contradiction. However, Qi’s theory and Shi’s thought what based on the Qi’s theory were developing on and on. LvKun’s thought of Qi had been produced in the historical background, and it not only had inheritance’s mark, but also had effection of Qi’s theory, so LvKun embodied tendency of reforming and developing many theories. LvKun’s thought of Qi embodied mainly theory of Li ﹠Qi’s unification, and the theory was mainly made up of three contents: Firstly, LvKun argued that Qi was ancestor for everything in the theory of cosmos, everything in the world was only made up of Qi, and he believed that cosmos and everything in the cosmos were result of which YuanQi(Material Force)had moved and changed on and on, thus it had produced the world and everything in the world; Secondly, In the relationship of Li ﹠Qi, LvKun developed ZhuXi’s th