长安大学测量学双语PPT精要.pptVIP

§1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 二、地面点位的确定 3．独立平面直角坐标系 (Independent plane rectangular coordinate system) Surveying plane reactanguled coordinate system Mathematics plane reactanguled coordinate system §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 4．高斯平面直角坐标系(Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system ) （1）Gaussian projection (高斯投影) Crosscut directed cylindrical （横轴椭圆柱投影） Objective: Transform spherical coordinate to the plane coordinates. §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 二、地面点位的确定 （1）Gaussian projection O S N 赤道面 中央子午线 M §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 高斯投影特点： 1、The central meridian and the equatorial projection into mutually perpendicular lines. 2、The central meridian length is constant, the farther from it the bigger the deformation is. 3、To ensure the projection precision, must use zoning projection. §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 二、地面点位的确定 （2） 高斯平面直角坐标系(gauss plane rectangular coordinate system) Coordinates origin: the intersections of the equatorial and central meridian. X: central meridian projection to north. Y: the equator projection, east is positive. W E N S A B yb ya y x o §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 二、地面点位的确定 （2）Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system (1) 6 projection zones: central meridian longitude: (2) 3 projection zones: central meridian longitude: §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying （2）高斯平面直角坐标系(Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system) 我国位于北半球(赤道以北)，x坐标值均为正值，而y坐标值则有正有负。为了避免y坐标值出现负值，我国规定将每带的坐标原点向西移500km。由于各投影带上的坐标系是采用相对独立的高斯平面直角坐标系，为了能正确区分某点所处投影带的位置，规定在横坐标值前面冠以投影带带号。 §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 二、地面点位的确定 B点真正横坐标yb＝-124625.723m； 按照上述规定，y值应改写为 yb ＝20(-124625.723+500000)277 W E N S A B o yb ya y x W E N S A B o yb ya 500km y x §1-3 Basic knowledge of surveying 5．高程系统 （Elevation system） 绝对高程(Absolute height (altitude)（Elevation）) : Refers to the distance from a certain point to the geoid along the plumb line,H. 相对高程（Relative height (altitude)