文学史——现代主义时期教案.ppt

The modern period 1901-1960 20世纪英国社会政治、经济文化背景 　　1.In the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, both natural and social sciences in Europe had enormously advanced. 　　2.When capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the sharpened contradictions between socialized production and the private ownership caused frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment. 　　3.The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism. 　　 19世纪末到20世纪初,欧洲的自然科学与社会科学都有长足的发展,物质财富大量增加。 当自由资本主义进入垄断型经济时期,社会化大生产与生产资料私有制之间的矛盾便愈发激化,导致接连不断的经济危机与大范围失业,贫富分化走向极端。 由此引发的第一次世界大战削弱了大英帝国,使人民倍受其苦。战后的经济萧条与精神失落使人民看清了资本主义背后的罪恶面孔。 The Second World War marked the last stage of thedisintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed. 4. 而第二次世界大战更大幅度地摧垮了大英帝国,人民伤,经济倒退,殖民地在民族解放运动中也纷纷独立。日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。 非理性哲学 　　1.In the mid-19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism. 　　2.Darwins theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people, causing many to lose their religious faith. The social Darwinism, under the cover of survival of the fittest, vehemently advocated colonialism of jingoism. 　　3.Einsteins Theory of Relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space. 　　4.Freuds analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature. 　　 这一系列巨变在西欧产生了百花争放般的各家哲学思想。19世纪中期,马克思、恩格斯开创了科学社会主义,为斗争中的无产资级指明了道路。 达尔文的进化论打击了人们的宗教信仰,“适者生存”说很大程度上推进了殖民主义与沙文主义。 爱因斯坦的相对论也完全更新了时间与空间的概念。 弗洛依德的精神分析法改变了人们对人性的认识。 　　 5.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against r