第六章课件.ppt祥解.pptVIP

* Chapter Summary 5. Behavior of the natural rate in the U.S. rose from 1960 to early 1980s, then fell possible explanations: trends in real minimum wage, union membership, prevalence of sectoral shifts, and aging of the Baby Boomers * Chapter Summary 6. European unemployment has risen sharply since 1970 probably due to generous unemployment benefits, strong union presence, and a technology-driven shift in demand away from unskilled workers * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * For this slide, “union members” includes workers that are in a union or similar worker association, or whose jobs are covered by a union contract. U % of total = “union members” (as defined above) as a percentage of all workers Wage ratio = average weekly earnings of “union members” (as defined above) as a percentage of average weekly earnings of nonunion workers. For example, in the transportation industry, 24.4% of workers are in unions and earn 29.2% more than non-union workers in this industry. Source: BLS.gov Note: Due to space constraints on the slide, some industries were omitted. In 2005, about 13% of all workers in the U.S. were members of unions. The data on this slide show two things: 1) union workers typically earn more than non-union workers (about 22-23% more on average). 2) the greater the percentage of union workers in an industry, the higher the wage ratio is likely to be (the correlation is about 0.5) * * * * 第六章 失 业 Unemployment in the Classical Model * 学习要点 自然失业率: 含义 引起的根源 了解其在现实中的变化 引起失业率逐年波动的原因在第4篇中学习 自然失业率natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Natural rate of unemployment : 经济围绕其波动的平均失业率.它指的是经济正常运行（即不是萧条时期也非繁荣时期）下的“正常”失业率。 经济萧条时期, 实际失业率往往高于自然失业率。 经济繁荣时期, 实际失业率往往低于自然失业率. * Actual and natural rates of unemployment in the U.S., 1960-2006 Percent of labor force 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Unemployment rate Natural rate of unemployment * 自然失业率模型 Notation: L = # of workers in labor force劳动力 E = # of