毒理作用.pptVIP

有 毒 动 物 中 毒Poisonous animal Yongzheng gu overview Poisonous animal categorization : 水生物类：鱼、贝类 爬行陆生类：蛇 其他：毒蜂、斑蝥 中毒原因 误食 药用过量 意外 他杀 自杀 第一节 毒蛇中毒/snake poisoning 对人类危害最大的有十类蛇 毒蛇的毒器：牙齿、毒腺、毒腺导管 中毒原因：意外咬伤、医疗意外。自杀 蛇毒主要成分：蛋白质和多肽 蛇毒可分：神经毒、血液循环毒 What’s in Snake Venom? It is modified saliva Mostly comprised of proteins Has about 20 different enzymes, of which, a species usually has between 6 and 12 The enzymes determine the toxicity of the venom Venom’s primary importance is to capture or kill its prey then to help it digest its prey Kinds of Toxins Neurotoxins: have the ability to damage and or destroy nerve tissues Haematoxins: affects the blood and causes Haemolysis and Hemorrhage Myotoxins: these cause muscle pain and turn urine brown to black because of the protein Myoglobin that is present Medicinal Value of Snake Venom In the olden days, rattlesnake venom was administered by mouth and lotions to humans with leprosy. It was thought that the toxin that made the snakes wounds heal when it shed would also help humans. This was unsuccessful. In 1994, it was found that certain proteins found in Copperhead venom helped to inhibit cancer cells from metastasizing. Other medicinal values… Copperhead venom has also been found to contain anticoagulants that are able to dissolve blood clots that cause strokes and heart attacks. Two drugs that have been made from snake venom are Aggrastat, given to heart attack victims, and Ancrod, being tested for stroke victims. Venom Extraction (Milking) 舟山眼镜蛇 眼镜王蛇 金环蛇 银环蛇 圆斑蝰 原矛头蝮 白眉蝮 尖吻蝮 白唇竹叶青 烙铁头 灰蓝扁尾海蛇 毒理作用 神经毒：选择性神经肌肉阻断作用，引起横纹肌迟缓性瘫。作用于自主神经，抑制颈动脉窦化学感受器，加重缺氧，导致呼吸衰竭。兴奋肾上腺髄质，血压升高。胃肠平滑肌先兴奋后抑制，产生肠麻疲；作用延髓，抑制血管运动中枢，引起外周血管扩张，血压下降。 毒理作用 血液循环毒：凝血毒，抗凝血毒，出血毒素，溶血毒，心脏毒。 细胞毒：细胞溶解，蛋白质分解，组织坏死，释放组胺和血管活性物质可以引起血压改变，产生中毒性休克。 中毒症状 局部症状：神经毒类局部症状轻，肿胀部明显，局部麻木感，向心性扩散，严重者肢体瘫痪。血液毒局部红肿明显疼痛，变紫黑色，组织坏死，迅速扩散，有劈下出血及局部淋巴结肿大。 全身症状：神经毒伤后0.5-3小时，头痛、恶心、腹痛、胸闷、气促、视力模糊、感觉异常、言语不清、共济失调、全身瘫痪。血液毒伤后2小时，出现畏寒、发热、全身酸痛、烦躁不安、、全身性出血、便血、黄疸、血