第九讲 静态与动态(1次课).ppt

第九讲 静态与动态 Static vs. Dynamic Contents 1. 概述 2. 静态的英语 3. 动态的汉语 4. 英汉互译 5. 溯源 英语呈静态,汉语呈动态。 作为有丰富形态变化的综合性语言,英语句子中的谓语动词要受很多形态变化规则的约束,使用时有很多不便,所以一般每个句子只有一个谓语动词。而对动词的需要又不至于此，于是只能采取名词化的方法。 汉语因为是分析性的，所以词类界限并不明显，但动词距离人的体验最近，又无需形态变化，故而最具优势 2. 静态的英语 英语中的名词化（nominalization）现象 名词优势造成介词优势 动词的弱化与虚化 用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 将下列句子中的动词改写为名词 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily． The doctor’ s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery． 将下列句子中的动词改写为名词 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权。因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。 Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country． The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere． B.用含有动作和行为意味的名词表示施事者（agentive noun), 以代替动词 a hard worker—someone who works hard 工作勤奋的人 a slow walker—someone who walks slowly 走路很慢的人 a good thief—someone who thieves well 很会偷窃的人 a bad sailor—someone who often gets seasick 会晕船的人 B.用含有动作和行为意味的名词表示施事者（agentive noun), 以代替动词 The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。 Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. 每个国家需要什么来保卫国家安全，只有它自己才能做出最好的判断。 这类名词有时并不指人，而是用来代替动词，如： 1)The real shocker was that things dragged on well beyond the two weeks I had anticipated． 最令人吃惊的是，事情拖了很久，大大超过我原来设想的两周。 2)Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution． 石蕊试纸可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。 . He is a good eater and sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 he is a young and rapid writer. 他是个笔头快的年轻人。 he is a nosmoker and a teetotaler. 他既不抽烟，也不喝酒 You must be a bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的 人很不会教。 I used to be a