3.形合与意合资料.ppt

形合与意合 英语属于形合语言，汉语是意合语言。 形合与意合的差异是英汉语言最本质的差异。 形合(hypotaxis): 英语句子通常以谓语动词为中心，以主谓结构为主干，通过各种反映形式关系的连接词语如关系代词，关系副词，副词，连词，甚至是介词把整个句子搭架起来, 呈现出由中心向外扩展的样式。句子内部的连接靠的是句法手段和词汇手段。 因而，复合句是英语行文的主要特点。语法属于显性。 树式句 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? I shall not go until he comes. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day when the little copper ball fell. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era, and colonel who says that they haven’t. 意合(parataxis): 句子内部连接或外部连接靠的是语义手段。句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，而少用连接词语。 “意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。 一切 “尽在不言中”。语法呈隐性。 竹节句 说是说了，没有结果。 风太大了，回家吧。 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 水能载舟,亦能覆舟。 As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。 While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。 （若）知彼（而又）知己，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知彼（而又）不知己，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark. 辜鸿铭： The English are proud of the preciseness of their language while we Chinese are proud of conciseness of our mother tongue. 语法型语言/语义型语言 语法型语言：英语高度形式化，句法结构严谨完备，以形制意。 语义型语言：汉语不重形式，句法结构不必完备，以意驭形。 西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。 下雨了！