生物与气候.ppt.ppt

生物地理學 氣候 陸生生態系 地理生態學 To do science is to search for patterns, not simply to accumulate facts, and to do the science of geographical ecology is to search for patterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a map. 氣候 Weather 任何時間地點的溫度,壓力,溼度,降水,日照,雲量,風向,風速等物理特性 Front 兩個具不同溫度與密度的氣團的交界 氣候 Warm Front 暖空氣密度較低,遇冷空氣上升凝結成雲 ,逐漸厚實後雲層降低,釋放其濕氣時將飄小雨 Cold Front 冷空氣密度較高,於暖空氣下方呈楔形,被推擠向上的暖空氣凝結成大水滴,常有雷雨形成 氣候 Tornado 龍捲風 於陸地上快速形成難以預測 Tropical cyclone 熱帶暴風 於海上長期形成可追蹤其路徑與風速 生成於大西洋稱颶風,於太平洋稱颱風 氣候 Climate 長期的天氣狀況, 平均溫度與平均雨量為決定氣候的兩個重要因子 氣候 氣流與氣候 1.地表受熱不均 2.地球軸線(假想線)為傾斜 3.地球自轉 4.太陽能量的偶發性衝擊地球 5.空氣與水的特性 人類對沙漠的衝擊 世界主要草原分布 Tropical Savanna Often occur immediately N / S of Rain Forests. Climate alternates between wet / dry seasons. Drought associated with dry season leads to dry conditions and subsequent lightning-caused wildfires. Soils have low water permeability. Saturated soils keeps trees out. Increasing pressure to produce livestock. Temperate Grassland Extremely widespread distribution. Annual rainfall 300 – 1,000 mm. Experience periodic droughts. Soils tend extremely nutrient rich and deep. Thoroughly dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Large roaming ungulates. Bison vs. cattle Tundra Covers most of lands N of Arctic Circle. Climate typically cool and dry with short summers. 200-600mm precip. Low decomposition rates. Supports substantial numbers of native mammals. Human intrusion historically low, but increasing as resources become scarce. 人類對草原的衝擊 世界主要森林分布 * * 風 —地球循環系統的重要部份 洋流與氣候 溫室效應 Rain shadow effect Sea and Land Breezes 地球的主要生態系 溫度雨量與生態系 溫度雨量與生態系 海拔緯度與生態系 世界主要沙漠分布 Two major bands: 30o N and 30o S. Occupy about 30% of earth’s land surface. Water loss exceeds precip. most of the year. Soil usually extremely low in organic matter. Plant cover ranges from sparse to absent. Animal abundance low, but biodiversity may be relatively high. Strong behavioral adaptations. Human intrusion increasing. *