力学专业英语Translation3.docx

G1 Axially Loaded Bar轴向受载杆 The simplest case to consider at the start is that of an initially straight metal bar of constant cross section, loaded at its ends by a pair of oppositely directed collinear forces coinciding with the longitudinal (adj. 经度的; 纵向的; 纵的; 纵观的) axis of the bar and acting through the centroid (n. 质心；形心) of each cross section. （分句法）先考虑最简单的情况，一条起始横截面恒定的金属直棒，其两端受到一对反向共线力的作用。该对共线力的作用线与各截面形心组成的纵向轴线重合。 For static equilibrium the magnitudes of the forces must be equal.（分句+直译）为了满足静力学平衡条件，力的大小必须相等。 If the forces are directed away from the bar, the bar is said to be in tension; if they are directed toward the bar, a state of compression exists. These two conditions are illustrated in Fig. 1-1. （直译）如果这两个力的方向背离杆件，我们说杆件受拉；如果这两个力指向此杆，杆件受压。这两种情况如图1-1所示。 Under the action of this pair of applied forces, internal resisting forces are set up within the bar and their characteristics may be studied by imagining a plane to be passed through the bar anywhere along its length and oriented(导向） perpendicular（垂直的） to the longitudinal axis of the bar. Such a plane is designated as a-a in Fig. 1-2(a). （分句法）在这一对应力的作用下，杆件内会形成内部抗力。并且，我们可以通过如下假想来研究它们的特性：一个平面在杆件的任意位置垂直于其长轴方向切入。该假想截面如图1-2(a)所示。 If for purposes of analysis the portion of the bar to the right of this plane is considered to be removed, as in Fig. 1-2(b), then it must be replaced by whatever effect it exerts upon the left portion. By this technique of introducing a cutting plane, the originally internal forces now become external with respect to the remaining portion of the body. For equilibrium of the portion to the left this “effect” must be a horizontal force of magnitude P. However, this force P acting normal to the cross-section a-a is actually the resultant of distributed forces acting over this cross section in a direction normal to it. （直译法）如果为了分析杆件的截面左边这部分，如图1-2(b)所示，可考虑将此截面右侧的杆件移除，那么它对左部分施加的效应必须被取代。通过引入截面的假想，原始的内力现在变成施加在右端的外力。为使左边这部分受力平衡，这种“效应”必须等于一个大小为P，向右的水平力。然而，这个垂直施加在截面a-a上的力P实际上是施加在整