圣犹达起搏器程控介绍.pptVIP

心脏的解剖和生理 观察点 位置 心脏壁和遮盖物 心腔 瓣膜 内部观 前面观 后面观 上面观 透视影像 前后位(AP) — AP (有时也称作PA)是心脏的正面观，X线球管和影像增强仪与脊柱和胸骨在一条直线上  影像上脊柱在心脏的稍左侧 胸骨在脊柱的正上方 肋骨的角度向下 心脏的轮廓在影像中心偏右侧 右前斜位 右前斜位(RAO): 观察心脏“长轴” 脊柱在左侧 胸骨在右侧 垂直于室间隔 右前斜位 左前斜位(LAO) 在LAO位, 可见到: 脊柱在心脏的右侧 胸骨在左侧 肋骨角度向左向下 心脏的短轴轮廓 在LAO位, 左心室: 间隔壁在影像的左侧 侧壁在影像的右侧 左前斜位 左前斜位 静脉和动脉 毛细血管 有节奏的周期 右心 左心 体循环和肺循环 心肌梗死 评估指标 心脏功能 The heart does not simply hang freely in the chest cavity. around it is a loose protective sack of tissue called the pericardium The heart lies inside this sack, which is loose enough to permit the heart to beat easily. The outer membrane of the heart is called the epicardium Under the epicardium is a thick layer of muscle called the myocardium, which forms the actual working part of the heart The myocardium is thickest in the left ventricle and thinnest in the atria The inside of the heart is lined with a smooth, shiny membrane called the endocardium. Slide contains click-through animation Slide contains click-through animation Like any pump, the heart has valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction. Proper function of these small flaps of tissue spells the difference between health and sickness, and often between life and death. The heart is equipped with 4 sets of valves. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. The valve leading into the right ventricle has 3 flaps; it is called the tricuspid valve (a cusp is a valve flap or leaflet). The valve between the left atrium and ventricle has two cusps and is called the mitral valve. These valves swing downward into the ventricles. During diastole, or relaxation, the valves swing open, allowing the blood to flow down into the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, these valves snap shut, preventing any blood from flowing back up into the atria. Each of the outlet valves from the ventricles has three cusps. The valve at the entry to the pulmonary artery is called the pulmonic valve. The valve at