微生物降解烷烃的研究论述.pptVIP

* * * Degradation of alkanes by bacteria 岳靓 142083002012 Degradation of alkanes by bacteria -Summary -Introduction -Alkane-degrading bacteria: specialized and non-specialized species -Uptake of n-alkanes -Aerobic degradation of alkanes -Anaerobic degradation of alkanes -Organization of alkane-degradation genes -Regulation of alkane-degradation pathways -Converting excess carbon into storage materials -Concluding remarks Summary –综述 Pollution of soil and water environments by crude oil has been, and is still today, an important problem. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds. Among them, alkanes constitute the major fraction. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons of different sizes and structures. Although they are chemically very inert, most of them can be efficiently degraded by several microorganisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on how microorganisms degrade alkanes, focusing on the biochemical pathways used and on how the expression of pathway genes is regulated and integrated within cell physiology. Introduction –介绍 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, formed exclusively by carbon and hydrogen atoms. They can be linear (n-alkanes), cyclic (cyclo-alkanes) or branched (iso- alkanes). Those having between one and four carbon atoms (methane to butane) are gaseous at ambient temperature. Larger molecules are liquid or solid.Alkanes can constitute up to 50% of crude oil, depending on the oil source, but are also produced by many living organisms such as plants, green algae, bacteria or animals. This probably explains why alkanes are present at low concentrations in most soil and water environments. As alkanes are apolar molecules that are chemically very inert (Lab- ingerandBercaw,2002),their metabolism by microorganisms poses challenges related to their low water solubility, their tendency to accumulate in cell membranes, and the energy needed to activate the molecule.However,several microorganisms, both aerobic and anaerobic, can use