化学师范专业英语ce1-2方案.ppt

* Precision and Accuracy In the fields of engineering, industry and statistics, the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements results to its actual (true) value. The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results. Although the two words can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method. * A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. A measurement system is called valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms are bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated by the independent variable) and error (random variability), respectively. Random errors result from uncontrolled variables in an experiment and affect precision; systematic errors can be assigned to definite causes and affect accuracy. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision. * * Solids and liquids are termed condensed phases because of their well-defined volumes. Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemists study the composition, structure, and properties of matter. They observe the changes that matter undergoes and measure the energy that is produced or consumed during these changes. Chemistry provides an understanding of many natural events and has led to the synthesis of new forms of matter that have greatly affected the way we live. * What is Chemistry? Chemistry inorganic chemistry 无机化学 organic chemistry 有机化学 physical chemistry 物理化学 analytical chemistry 分析化学 polymer chemistry 高分子化学 biochemistry 生物化学 radiochemistry 放射化学 theoretical chemistry 理论化学 mate