翻译课课件UNIT 2.ppt

吕叔湘先生曾经指出：“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，可以启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象。” 汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。 世界上每一种语言都有自己的语法，否则，人们就不能进行翻译实践和翻译理论的研究。而通过分析和对比英汉两种语言，译员必将更加深刻地体会到译事之艰辛。 2.2.2.1 主语与主题(subject vs. topic) Analysis I Read the following sentences and their translation. Find the difference between them. There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. 中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。 Two widely used household electric apparatus are television and refrigerator. 电视机和电冰箱是两种常用的家用电器。 Analysis II In other words, students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution. 换句话说，进两年制大学学习不用考试。（original S. omitted) European interest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s. 直到20世纪50年代，欧洲人才开始对MBA 产生兴趣。 Courses were designed to integrate functional skills, and to emphasize international cultural and business learning. 课程的设置旨在将实用技能融会贯通，注重国际性文化背景和商业知识的学习。 Questions What is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions? What do you think causes the difference? Viewpoint, sentence forming E: Hypotaxis: subject + predicate Ch: Parataxis: topic + statement Does Chinese topic function the same as English subject? What is a subject? Subject vs. topic (theme) (1) English Subject (the traditional explanation in linguistics) It refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case. She loves her father. Grammatically speaking, subject refers to a noun which can establish correspondence with the verb and which can be checked by a tag-question(反义疑问句） test. He is a teacher. (Isn’t he? X Isn’t a teacher) He was taught by the teacher. (Wasn’t he?) Subject vs. topic (theme) (2) Semantically（语义方面）, a subject is the doer of the action. The boy kicked the dog. The dog is kicked. (dog is the doee) The books sold well. (book is not the doer) Psychologically（心理方面）, people tend to regard the first major constituent of a sentence as the subject. The moon is