医学统计方法medicalstatistics.pptVIP

醫學統計方法Medical Statistics;課程訊息;日期;Exploratory Data Analysis and Statistical Inference;主題:複習母體、樣本探討如何取好的樣本量化未知量（參數）與已知量（估計或統計量）  之差距中央極限定理及常態分配信賴區間二項分配;Hospital-stay data;ID no.;Compute the mean and median by R;Is the duration of hospitalization is affected by receiving antibiotics?;Receiving antiobiotics;Population and Sample;如何選取一組代表性的樣本：機率抽樣;分層隨機抽樣;叢聚抽樣 (Cluster Sampling) ;如何選取一組代表性的樣本：機率抽樣;如何選取一組代表性的樣本：簡單隨機抽樣;What does the above study try to convey?;An illustration of LLN;Sampling Distributions;Sampling distributions of a simple random sample of size 50 from those 1000 birthweights;Types of Inference;Types of Inference;Types of Inference;Properties of Point Estimators;Properties of Point Estimators;Measuring the Goodnessof an Estimator;The Margin of Error;Estimating Means and Proportions;Example;信賴區間之模擬 ;信賴區間模擬之說明;Possible samples 3, 5, 2 3, 5, 1 3, 2, 1 5, 2, 1;Sampling Distributions (without replacement);Why?;Sampling Distributions (with replacement);Why? n=3 only;Sampling Distributions (with replacement);Central Limit Theorem: If random samples of n observations are drawn from a nonnormal population with finite m and standard deviation s , then, when n is large, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed, with mean m and standard deviation . The approximation becomes more accurate as n becomes large.;Example;Example;Example;Why is this Important?;How Large is Large?;;Finding Probabilities for the Sample Mean;Example;How do we check association?;Example 1;Example 2;Defining Independence;The Multiplicative Rule for Intersections;Example 1;Example 2;The Law of Total Probability;;Bayes’ Rule;We know: P(F) = P(M) = P(H|F) = P(H|M) = ;Random Variables;Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables;Example;Probability Distributions;The Mean and Standard Deviation;Example;Example