01化学反应中的质量和能量关系.ppt

Chapter I Energy change in chemical reactions;Energy is the capacity to do work Radiant energy comes from the sun and is earth’s primary energy source Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the collection of neutrons and protons in the atom Potential energy is the energy available by virtue of an object’s position;The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest in the study. Surroundings are the rest of the universe outside the system.;Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat – transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings. ;Exothermic;1.3 Introduction to thermodynamics;Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.;Work Done On the System;The sign of heat and work Process Sign Work done by tine system on the surroundings(W) – Work done on the system by the surroundings (W) + Endothermic process (Q) + Exothermic process (Q) –;Example 1.1 A certain gas expands in volume from 2.0 L to 6.0 L at constant temperature. Calculate the work done by the gas if it expands (a) against a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 0.12MPa. ;Exercise 1.1 A gas expands from 260 mL to 970 mL at constant temperature. Calculate the work done (in joules) by the gas if it expands (a) against a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 0.4MPa. ;1.3.3 First law of thermodynamics energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.;Mathematic form of the first law for DU;Chemistry in Action: Making Snow;Example 1.2 The work done when a gas is compressed in a cylinder is 462 J. During this process, there is a heat transfer of