超声BASE幻灯片.ppt

Diagnostic of Ultrasonography ZHANG MEI Foundations of Ultrasonography Historical perspective of sound In 1947,K.Dussick made one of the earliest applications of ultrasound to medical diagnosis. In 1948,Dr.Howry developed the first ultrasound scanner In 1954,echocardiographic techniques were developed by Drs.C.H.Hertz and I.Edler in Sweden. In 1962,the development of the contact static scanner in North America. In 1972,the new revolutionary gray-scale imaging and improved resolution real-time scanners were developed Clinical choice of imaging technique Simple→complication one→many (convenient) No damage → less damage → more damage (safe) Low expense→high expense (cheap) Compared with CTMRI 灰阶超声成像(grey scale ultrasonic tomography)。 Advantage: Not expensive as CTMRI,sectional imaging,real-time,no radiation Disadvantage: Contrast and spatial resolution of imaging is not as good as CTMRI. Qualities of a Sonographer Intellectual curiosity Perseverance to obtain high-quality images Ability to conceptualize 2D images into a 3D format Quick-thinking and analytic capabilities Good physical heath Communication skills Dedication Basic ultrasound principles Ultrasound:f20,000Hertz(Hz) A wave is a propagation of energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a steady rate.Sound waves are mechanical oscillations that are transmitted by particles in a gas,liquid or solid medium. Compared with Audible sound Common:essential qualities; a kind of mechanical vibration; longitudinal wave; spread in elasticity medium; a kind of energy convert Difference: high frequency of wave, short wavelength, spread along straight line, good directivity Basic ultrasound principles Wavelength:represents the distance occupied by each cycle,the operating frequency of the transducer, and the velocity of sound.The total distance occupied by a sound pulse is the wavelength multiplied by the number of cycles