Lesson3Microprocessors研讨.pptVIP

《电子信息工程专业英语教程》 Lesson 3 Microprocessors Terminology micron, data width, MIPS reset tri-state buffer pipelining Terminology micron是“微米(百万分之一米)”的意思，和μm一样。Micron值用于度量相应芯片中的最小线宽。Micron值越小，芯片中集成的晶体管数量就越多。 data width是指算术逻辑单元ALU的字长。8-bit的ALU可以进行两个8-bit 数的加、减、乘等运算，32-bit 的ALU可以对32-bit的数进行操作。外部数据总线的宽度一般和ALU的数据宽度相同，但也有例外。如8088 的ALU 是16-bit，而其外部数据总线为8-bit；而Pentium处理器的ALU 是32-bit，而其外部数据总线为64-bit. MIPS Million Instructions Per Second 每秒百万条指令。MIPS是一个粗略表征微处理器性能的指标。因为现代微处理器的种类繁多、结构各不相同，MIPS 指标所能反映的信息很有限。 Reset 复位 复位是指“使系统状态处于指定的初始值” tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器 A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes it to the bus. When the tri-state buffers control bit is active, the input of the device makes it to the output. When its not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or, equivalently, nothing. There is no electrical signal is allowed to pass to the output. A technique where the microprocessor fetches the next instruction before completing execution of the previous instruction, in order to increase processing speed.） 流水线是一种在前一条指令全部执行完之前就开始取下一条指令，以提高处理速度的技术。 Outline Brief introduction (para.1-4) Inside a microprocessor RAM and ROM Microprocessor Instructions Microprocessor Performance Microprocessor Trends A complete computation engine Intel 4004, 1971 Intel 8080, 1974 Intel 8088, 1979 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 Difference Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with todays RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM. RAM是随机存取存储器。RAM中包含着以字节为单位的信息，微处理器能够依据RD/WR信号哪个有效来决定字节的读/写。当前RAM芯片的一个问题是：掉电后，所有保存在RAM上的内容全部丢失。这就是计算机需要ROM的原因。 ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of