第十七讲被动语态.docVIP

第十七讲：被动语态 被动语态（Voice）是个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间语法意义和语义关系的动词形式。英语动词有主动和被动两种语态，当主语是动词的发出者时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；当主语是动作的承受者时，动词要用被动语态（Passive Voice）。只有及物动词才有被动语态。如： Scientists have been puzzled for decades by how turtles manage to navigate across the Atlantic; but now they know. 几十年来，科学家一直对海龟如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解；但现在他们知道了。 这句话中，scientists是puzzle的承受者，故puzzle用被动语态。They是know的发出者，故know用主动态。 19.1被动语态的构成形式 动词的被动语态是由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成的，时态由be体现。主动语态的句子结构与被动语态的句子结构如下所示： They will widen the road.（主动） The road will be widened.（被动） 主动语态： 动作的发出者 + 主动语态动词 + 动作的接受者 主语 谓语 宾语 被动语态： 动作的接受者 + 被动语态动词（be+动词过去分词）+ （by+动作的发出者） 主语 谓语 宾语 19.1.1被动语态各种时态形式表 下面以make为例，说明各时态动词的被动语态形式： 现在 范畴 一般现在时 am / is / are made 现在进行时 am / is / are being made 现在完成时 has / have been made 过去 范畴 一般过去时 was / were made 过去进行时 was / were being made 过去完成时 had been made 将来 范畴 一般将来时 shall / will be made 将来完成时 shall / will have been made 过去将来时 should / would be made 过去将来完成时 should / would have been made 注：完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。 例句： The subject of these lectures has been announced by the lecture committee.（这些讲座的课题已经由讲座委员会宣布了。） My pictures won’t be developed until next week.（我的照片要到下星期才能冲洗出来。） They were disguised so that we wouldn’t recognize them.（为了不让我们认出来，所以他们伪装了起来。） All the apparatus had been prepared before the experiment began.（所有的器械在实验开始前就准备好了。） The world’s supplies of copper are being gradually exhausted.（世界的铜资源正在逐渐被耗尽。） The goods were just being unloaded when we arrived at the airport.（我们到机场时正在卸货。） 19.1.2一些特殊形式的被动语态 1）含有情态动词的被动语态 一般式：情态动词（can，could，may，might，must，should，need等）+ be+过去分词 完成式：情态动词（can，could，may，might，must，should，need等）+ have +过去分词 例如： This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。 This mustn’t be neglected.这一点不可以忽视。 The book needn’t be returned now.书不必现在还。 The environment should be improved.环境应当改善。 The project might have been completed earlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。 They shouldn’t have been told about the plan.这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。 2）带有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变为被动语态时，只把一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语保留在