人类基因组探索.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 美国国会的态度 1988 report from the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment  Mapping Our Genes-Genome Projects: How Big? How Fast? NTIS order #PB88-212402 人类基因组计划的实施—负责人 第一任首席科学家: James Watson 因DNA顺序专利争论 于1992年辞职. 第二任首席科学家 Francis Collins Watson与Venter关于DNA顺序专利之争(1) That newfound harmony was shattered in June 1991, when Venter, who ran a large sequencing lab at the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, went public with an iconoclastic plan: Why not focus on finding the genes--the real goods that both scientists and companies were clamoring for--and leave tedious sequencing until later? Venter and colleague Mark Adams had developed a new technique, called expressed sequence tags, that enabled them to find genes at unprecedented speed. Never one of Watsons inner circle, Venter boasted that this new approach was a bargain in comparison to the genome project and claimed he could find 80% to 90% of the genes within a few years, for a fraction of the cost (Science, 21 June 1991, p. 1618). Watson dismissed Venters cream-skimming approach, but their feud remained subterranean until a few weeks later, when Venter described his work at a congressional hearing. NIH was so impressed with his progress, Venter said, that it was filing patent applications on the partial genes he was identifying--at a rate of 1000 a month. Watson与Venter关于DNA顺序专利之争(2) Watson erupted, denouncing the patenting scheme as sheer lunacy and noting that virtually any monkey could do what Venters group was doing (Science, 11 October 1991, p. 184). What irked him was that Venter and NIH had no clue about the function of the genes from which these fragments came. If the patents held, that meant anybody could lay claim to most of the human genes, undercutting patent protection for b