L02-EarthMaterials-3.ppt

Strength of rocks varies with composition, texture(结构,质地) and location, maybe quite different under different types and different amounts of stress. Stress (应力) Force per unit area that develops within rocks to resist external forces compressive, tensile and shear Strain: (应变) deformation induced by a stress Elastic(弹性), plastic(塑性) The strength of rocks is greatly affected by the frequency and orientation of fractures, joints, and shear zones. When large structures are planned, shear zones and fracture system in rocks must be considered. Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed from preexisting rocks that are transformed by high temperature and pressure without melting. Foliated - minerals realign into parallel planes (layers) slate, schist, and gneiss A variety of physical and chemical properties Foliation planes: potential planes of weakness Nonfoliated - no layers marble and quartzite Types of rocks Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Common Metamorphic Rocks Slate Schist Gneiss Marble Quartzite Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Two possible orientations of foliation in metamorphic rock and the effect on high way stability. Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Two possible orientations of foliation in metamorphic rocks at a dam and reservoir site. Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * east Metamorphic rocks Foliation planes Fault Sedimentary rock The St. Francis Dam,1928 Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Water driven by solar energy supplies nearly all our water resources Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Types of water Meteoric water: in or from atmosphere Connate water: fossil water, trapped Juvenile water: from interior of the earth, source of most water Surface water: above surface, in river, lake, ocean Subsurface water: within lithosphere Ground water: a part of subsurface water within the zone of saturation Zhao Hongjing Yangtze University * Wind and Ice Responsible for the erosion, transport and dep