风力发电-1.1-ABL.ppt

韦伯（weibull）概率分布密度函数 k 为概率密度函数的形状参数，C 为尺度参数 Mean velocity and variation Scale parameter is related to mean velocity by relationship Where ? is the complete gamma function A special case of weibull distribution is Rayleigh distribution with k=2, then ?(1+1/k)=0.8862. Higher value of k indicates variation of mean wind speed about annual mean is small. Seasonal variation In temperate latitude Wind speed maybe higher in winter than in summer Strong wind or gales around the time of spring and autumn equinoxes. Tropical regions Tropical storms and monsoons. Extreme wind speed 2.3 Turbulence Turbulence – fluctuation in wind speed on a relatively short time scale, typically less than 10 minutes. ( for industry flow, time scale of turbulence is seconds) Generation of turbulence Friction with earth’s surface: the disturbance caused by topographical features such as hill or mountains, Thermal effects which can cause air mass flow vertically. Turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) 风速的特性 瞬时风速：亦称有效风速，即实际发生作用的风速，通常指很短时间间隔内的风速 平均风速：是较长时间内（如10分钟或1小时）风速的平均值 紊流（或湍流）强度：紊流强度表征瞬时风速的脉动特性 (Turbulence Intensity) 是脉动风速（u－um）的标准差 2.3 Turbulence 2.3 Turbulence Turbulence intensity depends on roughness of the ground surface and height above the ground surface (hills ,mountains, trees, buildings, thermal stratifications of atmosphere) Above a certain height, air flow can be considered free from ground surface influence. The air flow there is influenced by large scale synoptic pressure differences and rotation of the earth (coriolis force). This air flow is known as geostrophic wind The part influenced by ground surface is known as Atmospheric Boundary Layer ( its’ thickness vary from less than one hundred meter to more than one thousande meter) 2.4 Atmospheric Boundary Layer 大气层 大气边界层（几十到上千米） 对流层（温度随高度递减） 平流层（同温层） 散逸层（中间层） 热层（热电离层） 2.4 大气边界层 空气流动受到地表的影响较大的区域 The principal effects governing the boundary layer are Strength Geostrophic Wind Terrain and Ground surface roughness Coriolis force