第7讲 土壤.ppt

Soil Profile Soil Profile （剖面构成）- A series of horizontal layers of different chemical composition, physical properties, particle size, and amount of organic matter. 化学成分、物理性质、颗粒大小、有机质数量 Each recognizable layer of the profile is known as a horizon. * * Soil Horizons O Horizon - Litter - Un-decomposed or partially decomposed organic material. A Horizon - (Topsoil) 表土层 Uppermost layer - contains most of the soil nutrients and organic matter. E Horizon - Formed from leaching darker materials. Not formed in all soils. Usually very nutrient poor. * Soil Horizons B Horizon - (Subsoil) 亚土层 Underneath topsoil. Contains less organic matter and fewer organisms, but accumulates nutrients leached from topsoil. Poorly developed in dry areas. C Horizon - Weathered parent material, very little organic material. R Horizon – Bedrock A层是表土层，颜色比较深，有丰富的腐殖质和土壤生物。B层是亚土层，颜色比较浅，这一层积累了从表土淋溶下来的物质，矿物质较多。C层是不具备土壤结构的母质层。 * Soil Profiles Over 15,000 separate soil types have been classified in North America. However, most cultivated land can be classified as either grassland or forest soil. Grassland Soils – 草地土壤 Usually have a deep A Horizon - low rainfall limits topsoil leaching. A Horizon supports most root growth. * Soil Profiles Forest Soils – 森林土壤 Topsoil layer is relatively thin, but topsoil leachate forms a subsoil that supports substantial root growth. (High rainfall areas) Tropical Rainforests Two features of great influence: High Temperatures 温度高 Rapid decomposition, little litter. High Rainfall 降水多 Excessive leaching of nutrients. * Major Soil Types * * The Effect of Slope on a Soil Profile Soil Erosion Erosion - Wearing away and transportation of soil by wind, water, or ice. Worldwide removes 25.4 billion tons/yr. Made worse by deforestation and desertification. 森林砍伐与荒漠化 Poor agricultural practices increase erosion and lead to the transport of associated fertilizers and pesticides. 不合理的耕作方式 * Soil Erosion Most current agricultural areas lose topsoil faster than it can be repl