Chapter7-Quantum optics.pptVIP

Line Spectra Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom Hydrogen spectrum Hydrogen spectrum Later other series were discovered in the UV and IR region Lyman Series: UV region Paschen Series : IR region Hydrogen spectrum Brackett Series: IR region Pfund Series ; IR region Line spectra Line spectra cannot be explained by the classical physics. We explain this phenomenon by utilizing two new concepts: 1. The particle nature of light (photons) 2. Energy levels: An atom can only have certain discrete energy values- we say that their energy is quantized. These energy values are called energy levels. The Bohr model of H atom Bohr’s postulate: The angular momentum is quantized. Allowed values: (1) Hydrogen energy levels Plot of y for the lowest energy level of hydrogen atom. Plot of y for the n=3 levels of hydrogen atom. Plot of y for the n=3 levels of hydrogen atom. Comparison of orbitals and probabilities Concept of radial distribution, obtained by summing the density in a spherical shell Probability of finding an electron in a spherical shell about the nucleus. Electron and X-Ray Diffraction(电子衍射实验) de Broglie’s law and Bohr’s hypothesis We treat electrons as waves . Then, the length of the Bohr orbit must be equal to an integral multiple of electron wavelength. So, Matter waves Particle position in space cannot be predicted with infinite precision. (Amplitude of matter wave)2=probability to find particle at this place. Standing electron waves in Hydrogen atom Standing waves: 2prn=nl l=h/mv mvrn=nh/2p n – orbital quantum number P290）2，6，11 3.爱因斯坦的光子假说 1905年, 爱因斯坦在普朗克能量子假说的基础上,提出了光子假说,很好地解释了光电效应. 当光束和物质相互作用时，其能流并不象波动理论所想象的那样是连续分布的,而是集中在一些叫做光子(或光量子)的粒子上. 但对这种粒子仍保持着频率(及波长)的概念. 光子的能量为 ? ? h ? 爱因斯坦认为, 光不仅发射和吸收时能量是量子化的, 而且光在辐射过程中,能量也是量子化的,辐射能 集中在一粒一粒的光子上. 光的粒子性和波粒二象性 光子打在金属表面上, 每个电子一次要么吸收一个光子.要么不吸收.由能量守恒得 电子吸收到的光子的能量，一部分用于脱出金属表面的脱出功，剩余部分作为光子的初始动能. 上式叫做爱因斯坦方程. ??0 时,没有光电子产生,因而没有光电流产生. 光的粒子性和波粒二象性 爱因斯坦方程可表示为 因 所