Chapter2 General Methods for Phytochemical Investigation of TCM.pptVIP

Chapter 2 General Methods for Phytochemical Investigation of TCM Zengping Gao gaozengping2008@ Contents 1. The types of constituents from TCM To be classified according to structural types: sugars 糖类 glycosides 苷类 quinones 醌类 phenylpropanoids (coumarins, lignans) 苯丙素类 flavonoids 黄酮类 terpenoids and volatile oils 萜和挥发油 alkaloids 生物碱 steroids 甾体 saponins 皂苷(triterpenoid saponins, steroidal saponins) tannins 鞣质 2. Metabolic pathways The metabolic sequences of organism (a plant, an animal, or a microorganism) leading to various types of compounds. Primary metabolites: necessary for the survival of the organisms. Secondary metabolites: products of overflow（进一步）metabolism as a result of nutrient limitation, shunt metabolism（支路代谢） produced during idiophase（繁殖期）, defense mechanism regulator molecules, etc. * small molecules (MW 2000 amu) * not strictly necessary for the survival of organisms, but represent the characters of the organism and pharmacologically active * the objects of natural products research Acetate-malonate pathway (AA-MA): To produce: fatty acids, phenols, quinones The building blocks: acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) malonyl-CoA (丙二酸单酰辅酶A) propyonyl-CoA (丙酰辅酶A) isobutyryl-CoA (异丁酰辅酶A) Reactions： condensation（缩合）；reduction（还原） 2. Metabolic pathways Mevalonic acid pathway (MVA): To produce: terpenoids, steroids The building blocks: acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) mevalonic acid Reactions： condensation（缩合）；reduction（还原） 2. Metabolic pathways Shikimic acid pathway: To produce: C6-C3 compounds (lignans, coumarins) C6-C2 or C6-C1 compounds (cinnamic acid derivatives) The building blocks: phosphoenolpyruvate（丙酮酸磷酸酯） shikimic acid Reactions： condensation（缩合）；oxidation（氧化） 2. Metabolic pathways Amino acid pathway: To produce: alkaloids The