第四章细胞.pptVIP

第四章（Chapter 4） Cells：The Basic Units of Life （4）核基质 核基质(nuclear matrix)过去被认为是富含蛋白质的透明液体，因而又称为核液(nuclear sap)。染色质和核仁等都浸浮其中。现在已知，核基质不是无结构的液体，而是由纤维状的蛋白质构成的网架，即核骨架，布满于细胞核中，网孔中充有液体，即核液，核液为细胞核中富含蛋白质(酶)和各种核苷酸的溶胶，为染色质的代谢活动提供了的场所。 The final component of the nucleus is its liquid matrix called the nucleoplasm. It is a colloidal mixture composed of water and the molecules used in the construction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear material. 第二节 细胞的增殖与分化 (Cell Division and Differentiation) The process of cell division replaces dead cells with new ones, repairs damaged tissues, and allows living organisms to grow. For example, you began as a single cell that resulted from the union of a sperm and an egg. One of the first activities of this single cell was to divide. As this process continued, the number of cells in your body increased, so that as an adult your body consists of several trillion cells. The second function of cell division is to maintain the body. Certain cells in your body, such as red blood cells and cells of the gut lining and skin, wear out. As they do, they must be replaced with new cells. Altogether, you lose about 50 million cells per second; this means that millions of cells are dividing in your body at any given time. A third purpose of cell division is repair. When a bone is broken, the break heals because cells divide, increasing the number of cells available to knit the broken pieces together. If some skin cells are destroyed by a cut or abrasion, cell division produces new cells to repair the damage. 细菌之类的原核细胞，细胞分裂前染色体DNA先复制，随后两团DNA分别移向细胞两端，细胞壁紧接着向内凹陷，两个子细胞遂告生成。在细胞分裂过程中没出现纺锤丝等构造。这种分裂方式简单、迅速，称为无丝分裂(amitosis)或直接分裂。在真核细胞中，1841年雷马克(Remak)首先观察到鸡胚血球中亦出现无丝分裂。这些血细胞分裂时，核先拉长，渐成哑铃状。核仁、核膜不消失，最后缢裂为两个子核，细胞质随后也分隔开。染色体和纺锤丝始终没有出现。以后，生物学家又陆续在纤毛动物、肌肉组织、受创伤或有炎症的肝脏以及种子植物的胚乳细胞等发现无丝分裂现象。无丝分裂的特点是细胞形态变化简单，耗能少，分裂速度快。 ② 微丝(microfilament) 由分子量为43kDa(千道尔顿)的肌动蛋白（actin）分子构成，所以又称肌动蛋白丝（actin filament），直径约为7nm。肌动蛋白单体为哑铃形，单体相连成串，两串以右手螺旋方式扭曲成束，即为肌动蛋白丝。由于多种蛋白可与微丝结