Chapter 3-Lecture 2 语言学.pptVIP

Morphology Study Contents Word Formation Morphological Rules Compounding Derivation Conversion Abbreviation Morphological Rules Morphological Rules The ways words are formed are called Morphological Rules, they determine how morphemes combine to form new words. un + adj: not adjective V+ able: that can be V-ed V+er: someone or something that Vs Principal ways of word-formation Compounding Derivation Conversion Abbreviation Compounding Compounding is a popular and important way of forming new words in English by combining two free morphemes. Features of compounds Orthographical feature With or without a hyphen, it is a matter of convention Syntactic feature The part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the second element. greenhouse. Semantic featureThe meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. Phonetic feature The stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. Orthographical: armchair; follow-up; thunder bird Syntactic: icy-cold; head-strong; greenhouse; crackdown; facelift; handover Semantic: blackleg; red coat; hotdog Phonetic: running dog; swimming fish≠ swimming pool Grammatical/morphological: cut-throat; book-learned; newborn Derivation Derivation is another popular and important way of forming new words in English by adding affixes to free or bound roots (prefix) + free-root + (suffix) + (suffix) dishonesty，uneatable (prefix) + bound-root + (suffix) + (suffix) Invisibility，transportation 表方式：mis-，mal-，co- 表态度：anti-，counter-，re-，pro- 表程度：super-，under-，over-，out-， 表时间：pre-，post-，ex-，re-，fore- 表地点方位：de-，inter-，trans-，over-，sub-under-，out-，in-，ex-，mid／medi·， 表否定：un-，in-，dis-，non-，anti-，contra- 表数量：bi-, tri-, per-, duo/di-, uni-, sept-, oct- 可改变词根词性的前缀：en-，be-，a- Some commonly used roots ced, ceed, cess: go, yield dic, dict: say, show fact., fac, fect, ftc, fit: do, make cred: believe miss,