人类进化分析.pptxVIP

WHATMADE——从语言溯源周文杰许鹏飏HUMANHUMANCONTENTPRESENTATION人类进化什么是语言语言的来源FOXP2基因FOXP2的分子进化近十万年10,0000years智人拥有语言WHATISLANGUAGEANYWAY?Languageiscreatedforideaexchanges,ifyou‘dliketogetaccurateaccesstoexpressyourmeaningandfeeling.语言的起源01解剖学anatomy神经生物学neurobiology基因gene解剖学喉咙和口腔02现代人古猿神经生物学认知理解与表达03基因4种04CNTNAP2：神经发展失调；影响语言功能。CYP19A1：诵读困难；鸟发声调控。Parvalbum：鸟类能否发音；恒河猴脑核团中用于发音的脑干舌运动神经元中高表达。SLI1与SLI2：语言缺陷相关位点；孩子能否重复无意义词语发音；人类种系间有拷贝数变异。FOXP2基因01研究最透彻：在目前与人类语言功能相关的基因中。先天性语言习得障碍家族遗传分析：患者的学习能力受损、脸下部动作困难、语言或语法能力缺陷。将两非同义替换插入小鼠Foxp2基因内：小鼠显示出独特的改变：多巴胺水平、神经元形状、纹状体中的突触可塑性、以及幼儿的发声。鸟类发声学习中：FOXP2在起到作用。氨基酸改变出现显著影响：人类特有的两个氨基酸改变显著影响了皮质-纹状体回路，包括运动、认知的学习，这样的学习与演讲和语言极其相关。两个氨基酸对语言获得有很大贡献。FOXP2基因01FOXP2蛋白的氨基酸序列在脊椎动物中是高度保守的，它会调控脑的不同区域的发展，包括那些与演讲相关的区域。人与尼安德特人FOXP2蛋白质的序列是相同的，与黑猩猩、大猩猩、恒河猴的比较有两个非同义替换。＊TheAAsequenceofFOXP2proteininmammalishighlylimited,itwillmediatedifferentpartsofthebrain,includingpartsthatrelatedtospeaking.Totestforconstancyoftheratioofamino-acidreplacementsovernucleotidechangesthatdonotcauseamino-acidchangesamongtheevolutionarylineagesAsignificantincreaseinthisratiowasobservedonthehumanlineagePositiveselectiononamino-acidchangesinthehumanlineage.FOXP2的分子进化02Ifthesetwochangesinamino-acidencodingwerepositivelyselectedrecentlyduringhumanevolution,tracesofaselectivesweepshouldbedetectableinthepatternofvariationfoundamonghumans.ThetimewhensuchaFOXP2variantbecamefixedinthehumanpopulationmaybepertinentwithregardtotheevolutionofhumanlanguage.Weestimatedthistimepointusingalikelihoodapproach.Thefixationoccurredduringthelast200,000yearsofhumanhistory,thatis,concomitantwithorsubsequenttotheemergenceofanatomicallymodernhumans.1.FisherSE,MarcusGF.Theeloquentape:genes,brainsandtheevolutionoflanguage.[J].NatureReviewsGenetics,2006,7(1):9-20.2.EnardW,PaaboS,PrzeworskiM,etal.MolecularevolutionofFOXP2,ageneinvolvedinspeechandlanguage[J].NatureInternationalWeeklyJournalofScience,2002,418(6900):págs.869-872.3.JoblingMA,HurlesME,Tyler-SmithC.Humanevolutionarygenetics:origins,peoplesdisease[J].HumanEvolutionaryG