13-14-1Chapter2SpeechSounds汇编.ppt

2.1 How speech sounds are made 一般女声要比男声高约一个八度音。 根据测量, 女高音约1.4-1.7公分，女中音约1.8-1.9公分。男高音约1.8-2公分，男中音约2.1-2.7公分，男低音约2.4-2.5公分。 东方人的声带成年男子约1.7至2.3公分，女子约1.2至1.7公分,西方人略为长一些。 声带和体重无关, 但与身高成正比。高个子的人大多唱低音。 声音的高低并不完全由声带的长短宽窄来决定，所以自然歌唱的高低音决定于肌肉筋骨拉动声带的能力，及声带本身的伸缩性如何。 因此人声的差异除先天的生理结构及人声成长的不同外，最重要的是后天训练改变的。 音质和音色是两种不同的概念，音质在成人定型后较难改变，但音色、强弱、力度、音域的高低都可以通过训练来改变和发展的。 Sing an English song 2013年10月23日星期三 systematic and consistent way. c e o a d q g b p i j l t f r n u m h v w y x z k s The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks throughout the world. The latest version was revised in 1993 and updated in 1996. 双学位 2.2.1 Consonants The categories of consonant are established on the basis of the following important factors: Places of articulation Manners of articulation /m/ voiced bilabial nasal /h/ voiceless glottal fricative /l/ voiced alveolar (lateral) approximant /r/ voiced alveolar central approximant Simile Alliteration Repetition Carpe diem 拉丁文 seize the day 及时行乐 /r/ harsh, run, hurry, worry easy; smooth; quiet; silence; /u:/, /?:/ Un oeuf 2013年10月30日星期三 2013年11月2日星期六 Liaison Not at all. An hour later. Cancer An American bank official A rare opportunity Table 2.4 Broad and narrow transcriptions of English words 5. Suprasegmentals Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are: Open syllable: bar, tie Closed syllable: bard, tied English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C) Splash sixths Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. Syllabic Structure English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C) 5.2 Stress Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables,