高鑫-内分泌总论试卷.pptVIP

内分泌系统疾病总 论Introduction to Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases * 复旦大学附属中山医院内分泌科 高鑫 History and development of Endocrinology (1) Roughly a hundred years ago, Starling coined the term hormone to describe secretin, a substance secreted by the small intestine into the blood stream to stimulate pancreatic secretion. In his Croonian Lectures, Starling considered the endo- crine and nervous systems as two distinct mechanisms for coordination and control of organ function. Thus, endocrinology found its first home in the discipline of mammalian physiology. Work over the next several decades by biochemists, physiologists, and clinical investigators led to the characterization of many hormones secreted into the blood stream from discrete glands or other organs. These investigators showed for the first time that diseases such as hypothyroidism and diabetes could be treated successfully by replacing specific hormones. These initial triumphs formed the foundation of the clinical specialty of endocrinology. History and development of Endocrinology (2) Advances in cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics over the ensuing years began to help explain the mechanisms of endocrine diseases and of hormone secretion and action. Although these advances have embedded endocrinology into the framework of molecular cell biology, they have not changed the essential subject of endocrinology _____the signaling that coordinates and controls the functions of multiple organs and processes. History and development of Endocrinology (2) Hormone formation may occur either in localized collections of specific cells, in the endocrine glands, or in cells that have additional roles. Many protein hormones: growth hormone? parathyroid hormone? prolactin? insulin? glucagon? Leptin? Formation of small hormone molecules initiates with commonly found Precursors