Polymer Synthesis CHEM 421.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Polymer Synthesis CHEM 421 Odian Book 2-12 Common Engineering Thermosets(Not elastomers) Bismaleimides Epoxies Phenol / Formaldehyde Sheet Molding Compound Polyurethanes** **Also thermoplastics Chain Growth Step Growth Step Growth Step Chain Growth Step Chain Growth Epoxy Systems f = 2 “Tube A” f = 4 “Tube B” Network Mechanism Epoxy Systems Advantageous Properties of epoxies High chemical and solvent resistance Outstanding adhesion to many substrates Good impact resistance Good electrical properties Epoxy Systems f = 2 “Tube A” f = 4 “Tube B” Network Epoxy Systems Diglycidal Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA) Epichlorohydrin: Background Chlorine intensive - 4 atoms of chlorine/epi  Yields: - chlorination: 82% - HOCl and closure: 92% Byproducts: - chlorinated organics Hydraulic load: - 47 lbs water/lb of epi Epoxy Systems Mn ≈ 15,000 – 20,000 g/mol Viscous liquid to solid Polyurethanes and Polyureas Thermoplastics Thermosets Important Starting Materials for Polyurethanes Diisocyantes Polymeric Glycols (aka polyols) MW 3,000 g/mol Chain extenders Catalysts Trialkyl tin acetate Dialkyl tin diacetate Relative rates 30,000x Diisocyanates Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) Dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H-MDI) Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) Cycloaliphatics Diisocyanates Phosgenation Chain Extenders For urethanes For ureas Polyurethane Fibers Excess Pre-polymer Chain extenders Sheet Molding Compound Sheet Molding Compound Phenol Formaldehyde Resins 1872 – Invented by Bayer 1907 – First patent and commercial process by Baekeland Success: First wholly synthetic polymer used commercially Phenol Formaldehyde Resins Excellent thermal stability High char yield Low smoke generation Low smoke toxicity Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resols) Base catalyzed Excess formaldehyde Resols cure with heat alone Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resol