GQ第二章原核微生物形态和结构概要.ppt

GQ第二章原核微生物形态和结构概要

Microbiology QIN GUO School of Food Biological Engineering Jiangsu University 2.1 细菌 从系统发育(phylogeny)来看,细菌(bacteria)与古菌(archaea)是两种完全不同的生物类群,但它们的细胞结构却基本一样,同属原核生物(prokaryote),在显微镜下的形态也十分相似。 2.1.1 细菌的定义 Arrangements of Cocci Arrangements of Bacilli 弧菌(vibrio) curved or comma-shaped rod A vibrio appears as a curved bacillus (arrows). 螺菌(spirillum) thick, rigid spiral. 螺旋体(spirochaeta) thin, flexible spiral. The spirochete Borrelia (arrows) in a blood smear. The three common types of bacterial morphology - coccus, bacillus, spirillum Exceptions to the above shapes(除此之外) Trichome –forming(毛状的), filamentous(丝状的), square(方形的), star-shaped(星形), spindle-shaped(纺锤状), lobed(波瓣状), and pleomorphic(多形的). ? 2.1.3 细菌的构造 由于细菌的细胞极其微小(μm)又十分透明,因此用水浸片或悬滴观察法在光学显微镜下进行观察时,只能看到其大体形态和运动情况。若要在光学显微镜下观察其细致形态和主要构造,一般都要对它们进行染色。 1884年丹麦医生C.Gram创立的革兰氏染色法(Gram stain)是最为重要的染色方法。 2.1.3.1 细菌的一般构造 一般细菌共有的结构: 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核区 1、细胞壁(cell wall) 细胞最外层的一层厚实、坚韧的外被,有多种功能。 功能: 维持菌体外形; 协助鞭毛运动; 保护细胞免受外力损伤; 为正常细胞分裂所必需; 阻止有害物质进入细胞; 与细菌的抗原性.致病性和对噬菌体的敏感性密切相关。 革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌在细胞壁的构造和成分上相差较大。 The Gram-Positive Cell Wall (革兰氏阳性细胞壁) Structure of a Gram-Positive Cell Wall The Gram-positive cell wall appears as dense layer typically composed of numerous rows of peptidoglycan, and molecules of lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid and surface proteins. A Peptidoglycan Monomer (肽聚糖单体) The peptidoglycan monomer in E. coli, most gram-negative bacteria, and many gram-positive bacteria. These monomers join together to form chains and the chains are then joined by cross-links between the tetrapeptides to provide strength. Peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus (金黄色葡萄球菌肽聚糖) 磷壁酸(teichoic acid) Nature(本质): poly-glycerol-phosphates(甘油磷酸) and poly-ribitol-phosphates(核糖醇磷酸)with variable side-groups。 生理功能:浓缩Mg2+以提高酶活力;调节自溶素活力;贮藏元素;作为噬菌体的特异性吸附受体;赋予G+细胞特异的表面抗原;增强某些致病菌对宿主细胞的粘连等。 Location: teichoic acids are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan molecule and dispersed throughout the wa

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