2生物学基础.ppt

5.2 脱氧核糖核酸(DNA) DNA是遗传物质 Deoxyribonucleic acid (better known as DNA) is the physical carrier of inheritance for 99% of living organisms. 1953年，Watson和Crick阐明了DNA的双螺旋结构。 现代生物技术发展史上的重要事件 polynucleotide chain 3’,5’-phosphodiester bond ii). Structure of the DNA double helix N-糖苷键 3‘,5’-磷酸二酯键 Structure of a segment of a DNA double helix. A-T base pair G-C base pair Chargaff’s rule: The content of A equals the content of T, and the content of G equals the content of C in double-stranded DNA from any species Chargaff’s rule Model of double-stranded DNA showing three base pairs 3’carbon 5’carbon 5.3 核糖核酸(RNA) RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar. The base uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) in RNA. Most RNA is single stranded, although tRNA will form a cloverleaf structure due to complementary base pairing. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) The major bases found in DNA and RNA DNA RNA Adenine Adenine Cytosine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Thymine Uracil (U) uracil-adenine base pair thymine-adenine base pair There are three types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the blueprint for construction of a protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the construction site where the protein is made. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the truck delivering the proper amino acid to the site at the right time. * * * * * * They are important metabolically. Sugars are the major energy storage molecules for living organisms. Their carbon rings contain large amounts of energy. For example, the complete metabolism of glucose: releases 686 kcal/mol. 醣酵解 呼吸 2.There are four basic sugars that we will deal with: 三、脂类 磷脂(phospholipids)是构成细胞膜(membranes)的主要成分磷脂是两性分子，即亲水性和疏水性。 头部是带负电荷的磷酸基团；尾部是疏水性的碳链。 细胞膜的结构 质膜 磷脂 四、蛋白质 核酸是遗传信息的携带者 蛋白质是信息转化成生物结构和功能的表达者 Protein Sequence Structure Function 1)enzyme 2)transport 3)cell structure 几大类蛋白质 纤维蛋白 膜蛋白 球蛋白 4.1　氨基酸 an amino end (NH2) a carboxyl end (COOH) R-group amino acid 20种主要氨基酸的分类 8 7 2 3 Structures in the R-groups of the tw