工商导论80196.pptVIP

Physical distribution What is the physical distribution? Modes of transportation. Material handing and storage. Physical distribution Definition Physical distribution means the physical movement of merchandise from the producers to the intermediaries（中间商） and finally to the consumers, involving transportation, material handing, order processing, storage, inventory control and protective packaging. 物流意味着商品从生产商到中间商，最终到达消费者的流动，这涉及运输、货物搬运、订单处理、存货、库存控制和保护性包装。 Modes of Transportation Rail 铁路运输 Railroads offer low-cost rates for hauling heavy, bulky goods in large quantity. They are generally safe for moving goods over long distance with minimum damage to the shipments. 铁路为运送大宗货物，提供低运费。铁路实行长途运送货物总体上安全，损失最小 。 Modes of Transportation Railroads Medium cost and speed Low reliability Good Geographic flexibility Truck 卡车运输 Truck can move the goods quickly and go wherever there are roads. 卡车运送货物很快捷，只要有路的地方都能去。 Truck 卡车运输 Advantages: Flexible in routing time schedules, efficient Medium reliability Good speed Good flexibility Disadvantages: Not suitable for moving heavy and large items. Increase road congestion（拥挤，堵塞） and are hazardous to the road. Pipeline 管道运输 Mainly used to transport oil and natural gas, pipelines offer continuous delivery over long distance at low cost regardless of the weather conditions. 管道常被用来输送石油和天然气，不受气候影响，管道以低费用进行不间断的长距离输送。 Water 水路运输 Water is the cheapest mode of transportation, suitable for low-cost bulk cargoes such as coal, ore, grain, timber and construction materials. 水路是最廉价的运输方式，尤其适合低成本的大宗货物，如煤、铁矿石、谷物、木材和建筑材料。 Water transportation Low cost Low reliability Limited flexibility Limited damage But low speed and restricted coverage Air transportation Speed and safety are the chief advantages of transportation by air. It is suitable for goods that are perishable（易腐烂的）, or of high value, or in need of prompt delivery. 速度和安全性是空中运输的主要优势。因此，适合运送易腐烂的，或昂贵的，或需要即时运送的货物。 Air 航空运输 High cost, ideal when speed is needed or to ship hi