BBS10_ppt_ch12课件.ppt

Chapter 12 Chi-Square Tests and Nonparametric Tests Learning Objectives In this chapter, you learn: How and when to use the chi-square test for contingency tables How to use the Marascuilo procedure for determining pairwise differences when evaluating more than two proportions How to use the chi-square test to evaluate the goodness of fit of a set of data to a specific probability distribution How and when to use nonparametric tests Contingency Tables Contingency Tables Useful in situations involving multiple population proportions Used to classify sample observations according to two or more characteristics Also called a cross-classification table. Contingency Table Example Contingency Table Example Sample results organized in a contingency table: ?2 Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions If H0 is true, then the proportion of left-handed females should be the same as the proportion of left-handed males The two proportions above should be the same as the proportion of left-handed people overall The Chi-Square Test Statistic where: fo = observed frequency in a particular cell fe = expected frequency in a particular cell if H0 is true ?2 for the 2 x 2 case has 1 degree of freedom (Assumed: each cell in the contingency table has expected frequency of at least 5) Decision Rule Computing the Average Proportion Here: Finding Expected Frequencies To obtain the expected frequency for left handed females, multiply the average proportion left handed (p) by the total number of females To obtain the expected frequency for left handed males, multiply the average proportion left handed (p) by the total number of males Observed vs. Expected Frequencies The Chi-Square Test Statistic Decision Rule ?2 Test for Differences Among More Than Two Proportions Extend the ?2 test to the case with more than two independent populations: The Chi-Square Test Statistic where: fo = observed frequency in a particular cell of the 2 x c table fe = expected frequency