linguisticslecture3-4介绍.ppt

3. Deletion rule省略规则 Consider? In “sign”, “design”, “paradigm”, there is no sound [g]. However, in “signature”’ “designation”, and “paradigmatic”, the sound [g] recovered. Why? 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features超切分特征 1. Syllable 2. Stress 3. Tone 4. Intonation Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are: The syllable structure σ Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda k r ? k t Open syllable: bar, tie Closed syllable: bard, tied English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C) Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. Stress Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line [│] is often used just before the syllable it relates to. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relative notion. At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllables. At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence. Changing English Stress Pattern Conservative inTEGral coMMUNal forMIDable conTROVersy Norm INtegral COMMunal FORmidable CONtroversy RP laBORatory DEBris GARage GA LABoratory deBRIS gaRAGE RP vs. GA Verb conVICT inSULT proDUCE reBEL Noun CONvict INsult PROduce REbel V vs. N BLACKboard BLACKbird black BOARD black BIRD Compound Phrase Compound vs. Phrase Primary vs. Secondary Stress epiphenomenal unsatisfactory discrimination standardization communication industrialization Sentence Stress John bought a red car. JOHN bought a red car. John BOUGHT a red car. John bought a RED