语言学复习大纲.docVIP

语言学期末复习大纲 （期中以前的复习内容请参看第一、二、三章课件及期中考试试卷！） 1. Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). 2. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. 3. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 4. Analogy (Is) the process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of the sentences. 6. In some languages, grammatical gender had little to do with the biological sex. 7. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Dont say X. People dont say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. 8. In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. The STRUCTURAL approach to the analysis of Language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the 20th century. There are syntactic conditions and semantic conditions the words must meet. 4-2-a The boy kicked the ball. 4-2-b *Boy the ball kicked the. 4-2-c *The ball kicked the boy. Words in and 4-2-b violate syntactic rules and in 4-2-c violate semantic conditions. The Syntagmatic relation(结构关系, 组合关系)is the relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. The paradigmatic relation(聚合体关系) Saussure originally called ASSOCIATIVE, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent. The sequence which a sign forms with those in a syntagmatic relation is sometimes called a S